The Use of Solid Fuels

There are many sources of carbon monoxide and many ways in which people may be exposed to it.

Whilst understanding of the risk of carbon monoxide exposure has greatly improved in the gas sector, with the requirement to report and have carbon monoxide alarms fitted, within the solid fuel sector, the risk is still very much unknown. 

Without the legal obligation to report incidents, the extent of carbon monoxide risk posed by the burning of solid fuels is still largely unknown.


 

The lack of mandatory reporting of CO-related incidents from solid fuels continues to be problematic. This means it’s difficult to establish an accurate picture of the risk from solid fuels in UK homes.

With this in mind, the Trust funded a review of the solid fuel sector and engaged the IOM to undertake this.



 

CEO Adrian McConnell talks here about why the Trust decided to fund this project.

Clarity is needed on where the issues are in this sector, to establish a way forward that will help improve safety and ultimately reduce risk.

Read more about the Solid Fuel Review here.

Watch Dr James Hanlon, who led the review, present the findings of the project during one of the Trust's lectures.

 

HETAS is the independent UK body recognised by Government. Its remit is to ensure the safe installation, operation and maintenance of safe and efficient wood burning and multi fuel stoves and boiler stoves.

Visit the HETAS website to find out more detailed information about the work they carry out in the solid fuel industry.

Carbon monoxide is produced when solid fuels, such as wood, coal and charcoal do not burn completely.

In 2016, the Trust funded Cranfield’s CO+ Safety project, which examined the release of carbon monoxide during the pyrolysis of charcoal and other solid fuels.

The fuels were burned in a controlled environment, controlling variables to establish the safest possible way to burn and extinguish solid fuels used in home and leisure environments. These included boats, tents, caravans, domestic dwellings and specific working conditions.

The project sought to understand the fundamental principles of carbon monoxide release from different fossil fuels and to develop several solutions that could be implemented and which will improve the safety of fossil fuel burning.

Read more about this project here.

There are some key risks to be aware of when burning solid fuels.

Inadequate Ventilation

Burning solid fuels in a closed space with insufficient ventilation can lead to the accumulation of carbon monoxide. This is particularly dangerous in homes, when camping or on boats, where the gas may not dissipate easily.

Incomplete Combustion

When solid fuels do not burn completely due to improper combustion, they release more carbon monoxide. This can happen in poorly maintained stoves, fireplaces, or heating systems.

The advice often given to homeowners is to check the colour of the flame burning in your appliance. An orange flame burning on a gas appliance indicates improper combustion and is a warning sign to get the appliance checked.

However, a wood flame is orange. This is because wood has carbon particles in it that is soot. The soot gives a yellow/orange colour to the flame.

An orange flame on a wood burning appliance does not indicate incomplete combustion.


Blocked Chimneys or Flues

Blockages or obstructions in chimneys or flues can prevent the safe exit of carbon monoxide, causing it to flow back into the living space.

Burning wet wood

Wet wood produces more smoke than dry wood, which releases more pollutants and small particles into the air.

Damp wood burns at a cooler temperature, resulting in incomplete combustion, more smoke, and dangerous creosote build-up in the chimney (a fire hazard). Excess wood smoke can decrease air quality both inside and outside the home.

There are many ways that safety can be improved when using solid fuels.

Visit the HETAS website to review their guidance on how to use solid fuels safely.

Below is a list of key things to do to help improve safety when using solid fuels.


Carbon Monoxide Alarms

Install carbon monoxide detectors in your home or building, following manufacturer recommendations for placement and maintenance. Test them regularly to ensure they are functioning correctly.

Click here for more advice on CO alarms.

Proper Installation

Regulations require the proper installation of solid fuel-burning appliances. This includes regular chimney cleaning, ensuring ventilation systems are in good condition, and conducting safety inspections.

HETAS is the only competent person scheme specialising in the installation of solid fuel and biomass appliances. The HETAS ‘Find Installer’ search makes it easy to find your nearest HETAS Installer of solid fuel, wood and biomass appliances.


Regular Maintenance

All solid fuel-burning appliances, such as stoves and fireplaces, should be regularly inspected and maintained by qualified (HETAS) professionals to ensure they operate efficiently and safely.

Proper Ventilation

Ensure that there is adequate ventilation in areas where solid fuels are burned. This can include opening windows or doors, using exhaust fans, or using a flue when using indoor fireplaces.

Safe Storage

Store solid fuels in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from living spaces to prevent the release of carbon monoxide when not in use.

Safe Practices

Follow safe practices when using solid fuels, such as using the appropriate fuel for your appliance, avoiding overloading stoves or fireplaces, and never using them for heating in confined spaces.

Read this useful article on how to stay safe when going on holiday, using log burners and when using bbqs when camping.

If you suspect you might have CO poisoning, please visit the NHS website immediately - Here.